Appendix cancer rates surge fourfold among millennials, study finds

Appendix cancer rates have surged dramatically in recent years, particularly among people under 50, with millennials showing a fourfold increase and Generation X more than tripling their rates compared to previous generations, according to new research published in Annals of Internal Medicine.

The rare form of digestive system cancer affects the small tube-like structure near the large intestine. Whilst the precise function of the appendix remains partly unknown, it is believed to be related to the intestinal microbiome.

Previously recorded at 1-2 cases per million annually, recent data shows a steady increase, particularly among young adults.

Public health concerns

Dr Andreana Holowatyj from Vanderbilt University described the findings as “concerning” for public health, noting that although appendix cancer remains rare, the increase coincides with rising rates of other gastrointestinal cancers in young adults, including colorectal, stomach and pancreatic cancers.

The exact causes of the increase remain unclear. Scientists are examining potential risk factors including obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, whilst genetic causes are also being investigated.

Dr Holowatyj emphasised the need for further studies into the molecular mechanisms of the disease.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Symptoms are typically non-specific and often resemble appendicitis or other gastrointestinal conditions. They include persistent abdominal pain, bloating, loss of appetite and weight, unexplained fatigue, or the appearance of masses in the abdominal or pelvic region.

Many cases are diagnosed during appendectomy procedures.

Treatment and prognosis

The primary treatment is surgical removal of the tumour, with possible addition of chemotherapy depending on the stage and type of cancer.

The prognosis is favourable for low-grade tumours, with five-year survival rates reaching up to 97 per cent. However, the prognosis deteriorates significantly when there is metastasis to other organs.

Call for vigilance

Specialists are calling for increased vigilance and emphasis on early diagnosis, despite the disease remaining rare, as recognition of early signs can improve treatment outcomes.

The research adds to growing concerns about rising cancer rates among younger populations, prompting calls for investigation into lifestyle and environmental factors that may be contributing to these trends.